PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND NEURAL COMPLICATIONS

Abstract

This article reviews the key pathophysiological and neurological mechanisms involved in  bacterial meningitis, with a focus on increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and its consequences for the central nervous system. Bacterial meningitis, caused by pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a life-threatening condition that can lead to severe neurological sequelae. The study explores the intense inflammatory responses that result in elevated ICP, leading to characteristic symptoms such as severe headache, projectile vomiting, and neck stiffness, as well as the risk of cerebral edema. The activation of the trigeminal and vagal systems plays a central role in pain generation and the vomiting reflex. The article also discusses the rare and fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and emphasizes the importance of early intervention with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing treatment, reducing neurological complications, and improving patient prognosis.